Alcohol (Ethyl-Alcohol)
*To look into
Use WHO Maps as graphic for alcohol use/abuse/misuse
Add section in Add/Withd/Toler on Sensitization to negative effects that build when the drug is consumed contrary to tolerance where the desired effects of alcohol are diminished with time.
Alcohol seems to be the primary intoxicant at social gatherings throughout many parts of the world in this era of humanity. As a person who has experimented with a vast quantity of other drugs, it makes me wonder how this can be. A look at the early history of alcohol is important and should be examined before looking at alcohol culturally as the central legal intoxicant that it today.
Common Names/Types: Alcohol: liquor, booze, beer, wine, spirits – vodka, rum, whisky, tequila, grain alcohol
Chemical Name: ethyl-alcohol [EroAlc 2015]
Classifications: Depressant, Intoxicant [EroAlc 2015]
OUTLINE
(*C*) indicates a 90%+ Completed section
(SSS) indicates the section has been started
No prefix indicates the section has not been started yet
-(*C*)Basic Introduction of the Drug
-Informs the reader of the general background of this drug, usually focusing on the current world
-(*C*)History of the Drug’s Use
-A brief guide to the history and use of the drug
-(*C*)Legal Status
-What is the legal availability of this drug?
-(*C*)Mechanism of Action – How does this Drug work in the body? [Physical (Physiological) and Mental (Psychological) effects]
-What are some of the physiological effects on the body?
-How does the drug affect the brain?
-Which neurotransmitters are impacted?
-(*C*)Testing your Drug
-Doing an actual reagent test on your substance, taste testing, smell, sight, etc
-Ways to ensure the substance you have is the substance you want
-(*C*)Method of Ingestion
-How is this drug safely consumed or ingested?
-(*C*)Central Effects of the Drug and Side Effects. What are the dosages?
-How much of the drug is needed for consumption
-What are some of the desirable effects of the drug?
-What are some undesirable effects?
-Are there lingering long-lasting side effects
-(*C*)Recommended Uses and Doses (Varies by person)
-(*C*)Addiction, Withdrawal, Tolerance
-Addiction profile of the drug. Is it physically or mentally addictive?
-What are the withdrawal effects?
-How does the tolerance of the substance impact the usage?
-(SSS)Dangers of combining this Drug with other Drugs
-When mixing drugs, which combinations are most dangerous with this drug
-Allegedly enjoyable Drug Combinations with other Drugs (USE SAFETY WHEN COMBINING DRUGS)
-Enjoyable Drug Combinations
-Medicinal Uses
-What has this drug been found to be beneficial for medicinally?
-Detection in Biological Fluids (Drug Testing)
-How can this drug be best detected in the body? For how long?
-Personal Experiences
-Personal experience I have on the drug
-Friendly Experiences
-Experiences that close friends of mine have had on the drug
-Other notable experiences
-Experiences that others may have had on the drug, i.e. Sasha Shulgin, Terrence McKenna
-Useful Facts
-Are there any extra fun or useful facts about the drug that seem to be missing?
-Sources
-Sources of information on the drug.
-Basic Introduction of the Drug
“Alcohol is one of the most common strong psychoactives used by humans. It has a long history of use and its intoxicating effects are well-studied and –documented” [EroAlc 2015].
“Underage alcohol use is more likely to kill young people than all illegal drugs combined” [DEApar 2012].
I found these two quotes pertinent to put side-by-side as it addresses the fact that alcohol has been a drug that has a very extensive history of use and is still in use today, while it is capable of causing significant negative health effects. Despite extensive research on that fact, it is still in use today.
Alcohol (Chemically: Ethyl-Alcohol) is an intoxicant currently legal in many countries, consumed largely for its physiological and psychological effects. The substance is often a part of social gatherings and even religious practices [EBAlcHis 2014].
Alcoholic beverages include beer, wine, and spirits (liquor) [EBAlcHis2014][CDCAlc 2014]. Beer usually has the lowest content of alcohol ranging in percentage from about two to eight percent. Wines have a slightly higher percentage of alcohol near eight to fourteen percent. Spirits which encompasses whiskey, rum, vodka, and other hard alcohols can typically range in percentage of Ethyl-Alcohol from 40% to 50% [EBAlcHis 2014].
In terms of percentage content of Ethyl-Alcohol, there are certain beverages that contain even higher percentages of Alcohol-by-Volume (ABV). Absinthe is banned as sale in the United States since 1913 but produced markedly different effects than singular Ethyl-Alcohol experiences. It is distilled from the Wormwood herb and has an average ABV of 72%. From the Wormwood herb it is said to produce hallucinogenic effects and is therefore both a potent alcoholic intoxicant as well as psychedelic. Even higher percentage alcohols exist. One of them is Devil Springs Vodka which came out with an 80% called, “Devil’s Springs Vodka”. The product with the highest selling percentage of alcohol is Everclear with a maximum ABV potency of 95%. Everclear is illegal in 13 of the United States at this potency however one can still sometimes purchase the 75.5% ABV version [HighAlc 2009].
-History of Alcohol Usage
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the beginnings of alcohol are lost to prehistory. Alcoholic fermentation can occur in any mashed-sugar containing food such as berries or other fruits [EBAlcHis 2014]. Alcoholic beverages were likely discovered accidentally and ancient peoples who enjoyed its effects presumably commenced production. There are several preliterate groups that are known to have converted the starch to fermentable sugar. Alcohol is one of the oldest and most widely used drugs, with the brewing of wines and beers has been reported within hundreds of preliterate societies [EBAlcHis 2014]. Alcohol was ceremoniously used as a rite of passage events such as births, marriages, feasts, crownings, worship, war making, peace-making, and even funerals.
According to another source, while no one knows when the beverage of alcohol was first used, it was presumably the result of a fortuitous accident that occurred at least tens of thousands of years ago. The discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs has established the fact that intentionally fermented berverages existed at least as early as the Neolithic Period, around 10,000 BCE. It has even been suggested by some that beer may have preceeded bread as a stable in diet. Wine clearly appeared as a finished product in Egyptian pictographs around 4,000 BCE [PotsAlc 1995].
Water was a precious commodity probably used initially for worship rites. In some cultures milk, honey, or wine was substituted. The capacity of alcohol to help the shaman have a participant reach a frenzied state and its powers were originally attributable to supernatural spirits or beings. Red wine came to symbolize the blood of life, becoming useful as the Christian Eucharist [EBAlcHis 2014]. Despite religious use being known, there is much evidence, especially during the time of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians that alcohol had passed to common practice and often became troublesome. Even in ancient times it seems there is evidence of the equivalent of alcoholics or those who consumed excess alcohol [EBAlcHis 2014].
Some of the earliest references in the bible show abundant wine not only as a blessing, but when abused also as a curse. In Islam, as of the seventh century CE the Qur’an simply condemned wine as an effective prohibition for all followers of Mohammed. Historical China includes reference to efforts made to reduce alcoholic dependency was only effective when religiously motivated. The Hindu Ayurvedic texts both describe beneficial uses of alcohol as well as the consequences of intoxication. Despite this, devout adherents to Buddhism, arising from India in the fifth or sixth century BCE, as well as members of the Hindu Brahman caste have abstained from usage until the present [EBAlcHis 2014]. Many pre-Colombian Indians of North America seemed to be seriously lacking in knowledge of fermentation. With the exploration of Europeans to North America, alcohol was transferred with disastrous and explosive consequences [EBAlcHis 2014].
In early societies alcohol had multiple uses. It was given nutritional value, it was used as medicine, and religious communion was initiated. Alcohol was used to ease anxieties and tensions. In short, overtime alcohol has been primarily used as a facilitator of mood change in any direction [EBAlcHis 2014].
-Legal Status
What I find really interesting is that the first line in the Alcohol “Legal Status” section of Erowid.org is that a statement reads, “Caution: All legal information should be verified through other sources” [EroAlc(3) 2015]. This gives me a heightened sense of approval saying that erowid.org is NOT the sole informant of the legal status of Alcohol and that cross-checking is necessary.
According to this page, in the United States of America, you must be at least 21 years of age to purchase alcohol. It is legal to brew beer and ferment wine for personal consumption without a license, however it is federally illegal to distill hard alcohol without a license. The BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) of a driver must be less than .08% in most states, but some states impose a lower level in an attempt to reduce the amount of driving under the influence [EroAlc(3) 2015].
Underage consumption of alcohol is specifically illegal in 15 states, while 18 states have exceptions under which minors can legally drink alcohol [EroAlc(3) 2015]. For a worldwide list of minimum age limits of alcohol consumption, consult this link retrieved through EroAlc(3): http://icap.org/table/MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide
In addition to the legal status of possessing alcohol, the legal status of operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol can be included. In most states, you are legally drunk at 0.08% BAC and this can get you a DUI (Driving Under the Influence) which carries severe penalties such as Driver’s License suspension, and in some cases jail time.
-Mechanism of Action – How does this Drug work in the body? [Physical (Physiological) and Mental (Psychological) effects]
As for the mechanism of action of this substance, when I think back to past lectures and readings, I know that GABA neurons are stimulated which gives alcohol its relaxing effect. However, upon further research on the topic, I find that several neurotransmitter systems work together to produce effects on the brain and body.
It is suggested in one article that alcohol consumption may affect multiple neurotransmitter systems to influence behavior. One neuron may connect with up to hundreds or thousands of adjacent neurons and each neuron may release multiple different types of neurotransmitters. Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease responsiveness of other neurons to further stimuli, whereas excitatory neurotransmitters produce the opposite effect. Some neurotransmitters produce longer lasting changes
The article goes on to show four graphics depicting the relation between inhibition and excitation in neurotransmission with respect to alcohol:
(A)
Under normal conditions, a balance exists between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain.
(B)
Short-term alcohol exposure tilts the balance toward inhibition by both enhancing the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as GABA, glycine, and adenosine while simultaneously decreasing the function of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate or aspartate. This depressant effect may be associated with some behaviors such as decreased attention, alterations in memory, and drowsiness. Alcohol’s main excitatory actions appear to be caused by suppression of inhibitory neurotransmitter systems by having a direct effect on GABA-A receptors. Sedative medications such as benzodiazepines (Valium) also act on GABA-A receptors . Glycine is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem. Alcohol has been shown to increase the function of glycine receptors in laborer preparations [NeuroAlc 1997]. Alcohol may also increase action at the adenosine receptors, providing a sedating effect. Alcohol seems to inhibit both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor activity, potentially resulting in sedation [NeuroAlc 1997].
(C)
Research suggests that after long-term alcohol exposure, the brain attempts to restore equilibrium by compensating for the depressant effects of alcohol. When this happens the brain decreases inhibitory neurotransmission and enhances excitatory neurotransmission. While short-term alcohol consumption may increase GABA-A receptor functionality, prolonged drinking has the opposing effect. Similarly, glutamate receptors appear to adapt to the inhibitory effects of alcohol by increasing their excitatory activity. Further studies show that long-term exposure creates a compensatory decrease in adenosine activity [NeuroAlc 1997].
(D)
And in the unfortunate event of alcohol withdrawal, these compensatory changes are no longer opposed by the presence of alcohol and the balance shifts toward a state of excessive excitation. In this state of hyperexcitation it is characterized by seizures, delirium, and anxiety [NeuroAlc 1997].
-Testing your Drug
Just like in the Nicotine section, I believe this is self-explanatory. Alcohol is readily and legally available in nearly every country save for a few (see list in the “Legal Status” section of this page).
In America, the alcohol content is displayed on bottles/cans in most situations. When an alcohol content is specified by a “proof” it is twice the number of its percentage of alcohol. For instance, if a bottle of vodka is “80 proof”, it means that the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV) is 40%. As stated above the highest Alcohol content available in some states is Everclear at 190 proof, or 95% pure ethyl-alcohol.
“Testing” or simply being aware of the alcohol content of your beverage of consumption is important because it can help you determine your level of intoxication as you consume alcohol. At places such as bars, clubs, or concerts where alcohol is sold in mixed drinks, the alcohol content is often unknown as several alcohols (spirits) may be mixed together with different ABV concentrations making it difficult for a person to determine their level of intoxication.
If alcohol is homemade the percentage of alcohol content is likely unknown without running some type of laboratory test. This page will not be detailing how to make your own alcohol however, as there are many places on the internet to find out this information. It is also not advised unless you are personally instructed on the matter by someone with wisdom in this particular chemistry.
-Method of Ingestion
The method of ingestion most often chosen for alcohol is oral consumption (drinking). I believe this is safe to assume. There are also other methods of alcohol ingestion which are used for various reasons depending on the place in the world or the situation in which a user wishes to intoxicate themselves. Please note, that often times these alternative methods of ingestion can be DANGEROUS. Use extreme caution if you will be embarking on an alternative route of consumption.
Before elaborating on alternative methods, first some news on a new method of oral alcohol ingestion might be worth elaborating on. The new design of alcohol to which I am referring is commonly referred to by its brand name as “Palcohol” or powdered alcohol. Perhaps you are wondering how alcohol can be powdered or how it is even legal? An article from The Wall Street Journal tells us a bit more about the new substance which could be sold in stores in the U.S. by summer of 2015.
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau approved labels for a powdered alcohol called Palcohol, a booze powder that can be mixed with water like instant lemonade or instant tea [PowAlcWSJ 2015]. The FDA gave a scientific review of Palcohol and stated last summer (2014) that it did not have any concerns about the ingredients of the product and therefore did not have a legal basis to block it [PowAlcWSJ 2015].
Palcohol will come in several varieties: vodka, rum, Cosmopolitan, Lemon Drop, and Powderita. The company also wants to make an industrial formula for medicinal and manufacturing purposes. There are some concerns raised that the powder will make alcohol consumption easier for younger people and might lead The creator of the company Mark Phillips said he created the product since he hikes, backpacks, and likes “to have a drink when I get to my destination” [PowAlcWSJ 2015]. He also mentioned that he had no scientific training but hired scientists to help him develop the product. His credentials include a book about wine called “Swallow This: The Progressive Approach to Wine” and hosted a show on wine tasting [PowAlcWSJ 2015].
I find this topic interesting, and also the reason supplied for why Mark Phillips decided to commission scientists to develop alcohol for him does not make much sense to me. Is it true that he wanted this powdered beverage simply because he enjoys alcohol after a long walk? I believe further research is needed.
With this alternative to oral consumption, now we can look at other routes of administration. One route of administration that is sometimes used is rectal. That is, putting alcohol in one’s rectum so that it may better absorb into the blood stream for rapid and concentrated absorption. This method is also referred to as “Butt Chugging”, “Plugging Alcohol”, or more formally as an alcohol enema. This method is far less common, but more effective at delivering a large dosage of alcohol quickly than drinking.
Columbia Health’s, “Alice” is cited in this article: “Because the primary job of the intestines is to absorb nutrients into the body, if you put alcohol directly into your colon, it will be absorbed much more rapidly than it would be if it entered your body orally. It can make you very drunk, very quickly. Because everyone’s body is different, it’s hard to judge how much or how quickly an alcohol enema would affect any one person” [AlcEne 2012]. Alcohol enemas can be dangerous or even deadly because an individual can “use too much alcohol or keep it inside for too long” as once alcohol enters the blood stream, it cannot get back out [AlcEne 2012].
It seems the direct-to-blood stream method of ingestion is highly effective, but also highly dangerous. I have heard of some people doing this to avoid alcohol on their breath but in fact, some alcohol leaves the body through the lungs so it is still possible for a person to smell of alcohol while speaking even though they did not orally ingest any alcohol.
In line with direct blood stream absorption of alcohol, a new fad is taking place that is more public and perhaps more socially acceptable than alcohol that absorbs through the blood stream. There is a newer form of getting drunk, known as “smoking” alcohol [AlcSmo 2013]. In this instance, an individual may pour alcohol over dry ice and inhale it directly or use a straw. The alcohol of choice is poured into a bottle, the bottle is corked, and a pump is used to vaporize the alcohol and the user inhales the vapor. It is not only popular among college aged kids and adolescents, but also with those who want to get drunk without consuming the calories from alcohol. “When alcohol vapor is inhaled, it goes straight from the lungs to the brain and bloodstream, getting the individual drunk very quickly. Because the alcohol bypasses the stomach and liver, it is not metabolized, and the alcohol does not lose any of its potency” [AlcSmo 2013].
While this sounds more effective and beneficial, the cost does not come without risk. “Drinkers” feel the effects nearly instantly but risk a greater chance of alcohol poisoning and potential overdose. When people drink too much the body may induce vomiting causing a person to expel the excess alcohol to prevent poisoning, but with vaporized alcohol, the body cannot expel it as it goes directly into the blood stream. It is also bad for your lungs and nasal passages. However, despite the risks, there is a trend picking up in the bar scene with a method known as the Vaportiini which is legally sold in all 50 states. They boast no calories, no carbs, and no impurities while providing immediate alcohol intoxication [AlcSmo 2013].
On a personal note, as I have never tried vaporized alcohol I find this concept very interesting. While I enjoy quick effects of substances, I think letting the body filter out the poisons (alcohol is a poison to the body, especially in higher doses) by oral consumption is most beneficial, as the risks of alcohol poisoning greatly detract from the benefits of rapid absorption. Unfortunately it may take some injury for this lesson to be learned, but my hope is that alcohol consumption occurs in the most normal way possible.
-Central Effects of the Drug and Side Effects. What are the dosages?
I was fortunate enough to find a website that detailed relative effects at various dosages of alcoholic intoxication, but first an image of roughly how many drinks correspond to BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration). This will give a relative idea of various dosages.
For the purpose of the chart, one drink is roughly one 12 ounce beer, one shot of 80 Proof liquor, or one 4-5 ounce glass of wine [AlcEffect 1999].
[AlcEffect 1999]
It can be observed that s the number of drinks increases, so does the BAC of the user. These numbers vary slightly by body fat percentage, amount of food consumed, or if other drugs or substances are used that alter metabolism of alcoholism.
With this idea in mind, a look at the specific effects of BAC at different levels is prudent.
0.02-0.03 BAC: There is no loss of coordination, slight euphoria, and a loss of shyness. Depressant effects are not apparent but some mild relaxation may be present with potential lightheadedness
0.04-0.06 BAC: Feelings of well-being, relaxation, lowered inhibitions and sensation of warmth. Euphoria is present. Minor impairment of memory and reasoning is this state. Behavior can be exaggerated and emotions intensified. Good emotions feel better and bad emotions may feel worse.
0.07-0.09 BAC: There is slight impairment of balance, speech, vision, hearing and reaction time. Euphoria is still present. Judgment and self-control are reduced while an impairment of reasoning and memory is happening. .08 is the legal limit and it is illegal to drive at this level. You may believe you function better than you actually are.
0.10-0.125: Significant impairment of motor coordination and judgment loss. At this level, speech is becoming slurred; balance, vision and hearing are still impaired while euphoria may still be present.
0.13-0.15 BAC: Gross motor skills are impaired and physical control is lacking. There is major loss of balance at this level. Euphoria is reducing, and dysphoria is surfacing. Dysphoria includes side effects of anxiety and restlessness. Judgment and perception are severely impaired.
0.16-0.19 BAC: Dysphoria predominates and nausea may be present. At this point a person might appear as a characteristically “sloppy drunk.”
0.20 BAC: A dazed feeling is apparent, along with disorientation or possible confusion. Assistance with standing or walking may be necessary. Feelings of pain may be mitigated (Analgesia). Some people might become nauseas or vomit at this level. Blackouts may happen so memory of the event might not be possible.
0.25 BAC: All mental, physical, and sensory functions are severely impaired. There is an increased risk of asphyxiation from choking on vomit and of seriously injuring oneself by falling or in an accident..
0.30 BAC: A drinker will be in a state of stupor. Passing out randomly may occur and it might be difficult to awaken the user. The user may have significant amnesia as well.
0.35 BAC: A coma is possible for the intolerant user at this level
0.40 BAC and higher: Coma is more likely and death due to respiratory arrest might happen.
All effects described are sourced from [AlcEffect (2) 1999].
-Recommended Uses and Doses (Varies by person)
As for what use of alcohol is recommended, it is highly varied. Personally, I might recommend alcohol at some social gatherings at a moderate amount of one to four drinks. This allows users to break down social barriers and communicate at a more relaxed level. By looking at the previous section, this puts the user in a state of mild euphoria, without producing too many negative effects of the substance.
I do believe there are better substances for intoxication at various group gatherings or social events, however since alcohol is the predominant legal intoxicant around the world, it is recommended in this instance.
What is NOT recommended is consuming an excess amount of alcohol (more than 5-6 drinks, depending on body weight and biological sex). Undesirable side effects are present here such as clumsiness and dysphoria. The body is reacting to a highly toxic level of poison and at this point the point of enjoyment is decreased as well as the ability to form coherent memories. It is also recommended to NOT drink and then operate a vehicle. Not only does it endanger the lives of others, but it also obvious on a person’s breath that they have recently consumed alcohol and will likely get a person a DUI if they are pulled over by an officer of the law.
-Addiction, Withdrawal, Tolerance
Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism is very possible. As stated in the opening section of this page, alcoholism has a long history of use dating back thousands of years, however there was not much knowledge on it at the time. Now, there are support groups, doctors, and many sources of information that speak on the topic and aim to help those struggling with alcoholism to cure themselves and live a healthier sober lifestyle.
One question some might be asking is how long does it take to become physically dependent (addicted) to alcohol? And how often must a person be drinking for this to be happening?
The answers to these questions are dependent upon the individual, but several forums were counseled and personal opinions were provided.
Drugs-forum.com, a forum for substance users and abusers to talk about problem states that it can take months or years of drinking heavily for a dependence to form. Some argument is made that after a few days to a week of heavy drinking some dependence can form in line with tolerance. One user describes the experience as feeling a level of dependence after only about a week of consumption.
[https://drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=79726]
In extreme cases of alcoholism, where a person is addicted for an extended period of time (months to years). Delirium tremens can occur when you stop drinking alcohol after a period of heavy drinking, especially when you do not eat enough food [DelTrAlc 2013]. This is the most common in people with a history of alcohol withdrawal. It is most common in people who consume 4-5 pints of wine, 7-8 pints of beer, or one pint of “hard” alcohol [such as vodka or rum] every day for at least several months. Delirium tremens also commonly affects people who have had an alcohol habit or alcoholism for more than 10 years [DelTrAlc 2013].
Symptoms of Delirium Tremens most often occur about 2-4 days after the last drink, however symptoms may persist for up to 7-10 days after the last drink. Some symptoms include body tremors, agitation, irritability, decreased attention span, fear, hallucinations, restlessness, mood changes and confusion. Seizures may also occur as a result depending on how severe the Delirium Tremens were in an individual. On a related note, there are similar, but not as severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, headache, insomnia, nausea, and sweating [DelTrAlc 2013].
For treatment of severe withdrawal, when a patient is admitted into a hospital they may be given sedative benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan). Anticonvulsants may also be prescribed to tone down the agitation that comes with withdrawal. It is also recommended that someone once treated for severe alcohol withdrawal not consume alcohol again, as the withdrawal can come back harder than it initially was upon resuming consumption of alcohol after addiction [DelTrAlc 2013].
Before ending this section, a quick note on alcohol tolerance is noted to get a better idea of how increasing consumption can alter effects of alcohol with respect to time. Defined, tolerance refers to how much of a drug you need in order to feel the effects. Tolerance increases with increased usage of amount and frequency of the drug. Tolerance with drugs can be thought of with tolerance to exercise. In the beginning, it might be easy for a person to run half a mile in 5 minutes, but as for 5 miles, it may be near impossible. After a person begins training, more exercise can be “tolerated” and ability increased. As for alcohol, a person is often able to handle more alcohol than someone who does not drink at all. Tolerance also adds to addiction potential because people start to need more and more of a drug in order to feel the effects
***Add source
http://yourselfseries.com/teens/topic/addiction/the-cycle-of-addiction-tolerance-sensitization-and-withdrawal/
Sensitization is defined as
-Dangers of combining this Drug with other Drugs
Alcohol is a depressant drug and therefore depresses the central nervous system. Combinations with alcohol that may be dangerous include other depressant drugs such as benzodiazepines or opiates (opioids). Stimulant and psychedelic drugs may be more inhibited by the use of alcohol however most drugs when combined with alcohol can yield more dangerous effects.
Note, the site I used has some misinformation about drug combinations simply based on personal experience and other sources consulted, but it does provide a very general outline for alcohol's primary combinations.
ALCOHOL AND BENZODIAZEPINES
Benzodiazepines bind to similar GABA receptors in the brain similar to alcohol creating an relaxing effect. However, some side effects worth noting in this case of benzodiazepine usage, even when prescribed accurately by a doctor include reduced coordination, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, and memory loss.
People who abuse these drugs might find that they develop a tolerance to their positive effects (relaxation, anxiolytic, sleepiness) and may find the desire to consume more of the drug to be prominent.
One article in the journal of “Alcohol Research & Health” states that “Alcohol and benzodiazepines have a synergistic depressant effect on the central nervous system. Perhaps more worrisome is the fact that memory impairment is far more likely when these substances are combined” [MixAlc xxxx (1)]. This article also notes that blacking out and saying things that may be later regretted are common among those who abuse these substances in conjunction with one another. [MixAlc xxxx (1)].
While the effects of mixing benzodiazepines and alcohol may induce short-term euphoria, the body cannot withstand a constant infusion with these chemicals without consequence [MixAlc xxxx (1)].
As for a personal opinion on the matter, I have combined these drugs a few times and in most cases, the combination has lead to highly undesirable effects. Sometimes when doing drugs I am looking for a relaxed or euphoric state. Sometimes I take drugs to think about things deeply, or to socialize with friends. I have taken Alprazolam (Xanax) in conjunction with alcohol and went to a social event only to result in a complete blackout shortly after arriving. This experience is recollected from memory of a time that occurred a while ago. I ingested approximately 1 to 2 milligrams of Alprazolam and then went to a bar and consumed several drinks. I found that I actually do not remember the period of time from before I had the first drink. That is to say I blacked out even before mixing alcohol and benzodiazepines together! I might have had about 5-6 drinks total, as my friends have reported, but it seemed that my memory was retroactively effected. Friends of mine also told me I was behaving strangely and rather ego-centric. I like to think I do not act like this very often but it was communicated to me that I did. I happened to say some things that my friends had said were “insulting” or downright “rude” and this quite upset me. I woke up the next day with a mild hangover, but nothing some hydration and good food didn’t fix. I did wake up with a “What the hell happened last night!?” feeling that was very unsettling. I quite dislike when drugs make me black out.
In another experience that I do remember, I dosed about 1 milligram of Clonazepam (Klonopin) and had about 2 glasses of wine. I felt extremely relaxed and a mildly euphoria ensued. The night was overall enjoyable, but still not very memorable. I did not black out, nor did I act like a fool, but my inhibitions were significantly lowered and I felt more open to conversations I wouldn’t normally have had while under the influence of these substances independently.
Yet another time, when I had been having Alprazolam for several days in a row and went out to a bar, I acted very much like a fool and I remember this. I had at least three drinks, but did not black out. I believe my tolerance to the memory inhibiting effects of Alprazolam had increased which caused me not to black out, however my actions were still rude and highly undesirable. I also had more of a desire to redoes on both substances to achieve a greater state of intoxication, seemingly without limitation.
Overall, I would NOT recommend this combination of drugs. While the euphoria and anxiolytic properties are present at VERY low doses of both chemicals, the dangers of combining these drugs is very real. I have heard many stories of people eating a couple 2mg bars (pills) of Alprazolam and getting very drunk at a bar or party and ending up in a hospital due to severe nervous system and respiratory depression. Some have ended up in a coma or with brain damage. Also, the desire to achieve greater intoxication definitely increases when under the influence of these substances as there is a STRONG cross-potentiation. Both chemicals strongly affect the GABA-A receptors in the brain which relax the body and mind and increase bad judgment
ALCOHOL AND COCAINE
Cocaine is a stimulating drug that has biologically addictive properties. Some substance users mix the two substances to counteract the unpleasant side effects of either one. For instance, alcohol can make you feel sleepy so using cocaine to stimulate you has a positively reinforcing effect for the user, whereas sometimes too much cocaine can cause an overstimulated or anxious effect so drinking alcohol can calm this down [MixAlc xxxx (2)].
Some people believe mixing these drugs prolongs the high achieved. The two substances combine to form a new substance called cocaethylene This chemical can cause heart or liver damage when it builds up for a long period of time. Caution should be used as cocaine causes the heart to beat faster and alcohol could have the opposite effect. In acute situations this type of combination can lead to cardiac arrest.
[MixAlc xxxx (2)].
When I asked a close friend of mine about this combination as he has experienced this combination many times, I got the answer that the combination is “Fucking amazing”. Quoted, he says “The cocaine would take away from any ‘too-drunk’ feelings so me and my friends would feel as though they sobered up but it feels different than coke on its own. It kind of enhances the cocaine feeling and takes away from the drunk and it only works well when done together”.
I then asked him if he likes cocaine on its own and he said, “I really do not enjoy it as much as when I am drunk. I recommend the combination to get high and have a good time. It’s a lot of fun.”
Personally, out of the few times I have combined these drugs, the cocaine was either of very poor quality or I did not drink very much so I feel that I cannot give adequate input on this topic personally. I have enjoyed both substances alone and prefer them to be as such from the minimal experience I have.
-Sources
EroAlc 2015
Alcohol
(1) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/
(2) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/alcohol_testing.shtml
(3) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/alcohol_law.shtml
Author: Erowid.org, Date Updated: 2015
DEApar 2012
Growing Up Drug Free – A Parent’s guide to prevention
http://www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia-library/publications/growing-up-drug-free.pdf
Author: U.S. Department of Justice, DEA, and U.S. Department of Education Date Published: October 2012
EBAlcHis 2014
Alcohol Consumption
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13398/alcohol-consumption
Author: Mark Keller, George E. Vaillant, Updated: 10 March 2014
HighAlc 2009
5 Of The Most Alcoholic Beverages To Scorch Your Throat.
http://regretfulmorning.com/2009/05/5-of-the-most-alcoholic-drinks-ever-to-scorch-your-throat/
CDCAlc 2014
Alcohol and Public Health – Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
Author: CDC, Date Updated: 7 November, 2014
PotsAlc 1995
History of Alcohol and Drinking around the World
http://www2.potsdam.edu/alcohol/Controversies/1114796842.html#.VSgGR_nF9IF
Author: David J. Hanson, Ph.D., Originally written: 1995
PowAlcWSJ 2015
Powdered Alcohol Wins U.S. Approval
http://www.wsj.com/articles/powdered-alcohol-wins-u-s-approval-1426116634
Author: Tripp Mickle, Date Published: March 11, 2015
AlcEne 2012
Butt Chugging Leads To Severe Alcohol Poisoning of University of Tennessee Student
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/25/butt-chugging-wine-alcohol-enema-university-of-tennessee-pi-kappa-alpha_n_1913575.html
Author: Huffington Post, Date Updated: 25 September, 2012
AlcSmo 2013
Smoking Alcohol: The Dangerous Way People Are Getting Drunk
http://healthland.time.com/2013/06/05/smoking-alcohol-the-dangerous-way-people-are-getting-drunk/
Author: Alexandra Sifferlin, Date Published: 5 June, 2013
NeuroAlc 1997
Alcohol and Neurotrnamsitter Interactions
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-2/144.pdf
Author: C. Fernando Valenzuela, M.D., Ph.D., Date Published: 1997
AlcEffect 1999
B.R.A.D. 21, Be Responsible About Drinking
(1) http://www.brad21.org/bac_charts.html
(2) http://www.brad21.org/effects_at_specific_bac.html
Author: B.R.A.D., Date Copyright: 1999-2015
DelTrAlc 2013
Delirium Tremens
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000766.htm
Author: A.D.A.M, Date updated: 1 January 2013
MixAlc xxxx
(1) What are the Effects of Mixing Benzodiazepines and Alcohol?
(2) What are the Effects of Mixing Cocaine and Alcohol?
…etc
(1) http://www.alcoholic.org/research/what-are-the-effects-of-mixing-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol/
(2) http://www.alcoholic.org/research/what-are-the-effects-of-mixing-cocaine-and-alcohol/
Author: IAHC: Independent Alcoholism Help Council
*To look into
Use WHO Maps as graphic for alcohol use/abuse/misuse
Add section in Add/Withd/Toler on Sensitization to negative effects that build when the drug is consumed contrary to tolerance where the desired effects of alcohol are diminished with time.
Alcohol seems to be the primary intoxicant at social gatherings throughout many parts of the world in this era of humanity. As a person who has experimented with a vast quantity of other drugs, it makes me wonder how this can be. A look at the early history of alcohol is important and should be examined before looking at alcohol culturally as the central legal intoxicant that it today.
Common Names/Types: Alcohol: liquor, booze, beer, wine, spirits – vodka, rum, whisky, tequila, grain alcohol
Chemical Name: ethyl-alcohol [EroAlc 2015]
Classifications: Depressant, Intoxicant [EroAlc 2015]
OUTLINE
(*C*) indicates a 90%+ Completed section
(SSS) indicates the section has been started
No prefix indicates the section has not been started yet
-(*C*)Basic Introduction of the Drug
-Informs the reader of the general background of this drug, usually focusing on the current world
-(*C*)History of the Drug’s Use
-A brief guide to the history and use of the drug
-(*C*)Legal Status
-What is the legal availability of this drug?
-(*C*)Mechanism of Action – How does this Drug work in the body? [Physical (Physiological) and Mental (Psychological) effects]
-What are some of the physiological effects on the body?
-How does the drug affect the brain?
-Which neurotransmitters are impacted?
-(*C*)Testing your Drug
-Doing an actual reagent test on your substance, taste testing, smell, sight, etc
-Ways to ensure the substance you have is the substance you want
-(*C*)Method of Ingestion
-How is this drug safely consumed or ingested?
-(*C*)Central Effects of the Drug and Side Effects. What are the dosages?
-How much of the drug is needed for consumption
-What are some of the desirable effects of the drug?
-What are some undesirable effects?
-Are there lingering long-lasting side effects
-(*C*)Recommended Uses and Doses (Varies by person)
-(*C*)Addiction, Withdrawal, Tolerance
-Addiction profile of the drug. Is it physically or mentally addictive?
-What are the withdrawal effects?
-How does the tolerance of the substance impact the usage?
-(SSS)Dangers of combining this Drug with other Drugs
-When mixing drugs, which combinations are most dangerous with this drug
-Allegedly enjoyable Drug Combinations with other Drugs (USE SAFETY WHEN COMBINING DRUGS)
-Enjoyable Drug Combinations
-Medicinal Uses
-What has this drug been found to be beneficial for medicinally?
-Detection in Biological Fluids (Drug Testing)
-How can this drug be best detected in the body? For how long?
-Personal Experiences
-Personal experience I have on the drug
-Friendly Experiences
-Experiences that close friends of mine have had on the drug
-Other notable experiences
-Experiences that others may have had on the drug, i.e. Sasha Shulgin, Terrence McKenna
-Useful Facts
-Are there any extra fun or useful facts about the drug that seem to be missing?
-Sources
-Sources of information on the drug.
-Basic Introduction of the Drug
“Alcohol is one of the most common strong psychoactives used by humans. It has a long history of use and its intoxicating effects are well-studied and –documented” [EroAlc 2015].
“Underage alcohol use is more likely to kill young people than all illegal drugs combined” [DEApar 2012].
I found these two quotes pertinent to put side-by-side as it addresses the fact that alcohol has been a drug that has a very extensive history of use and is still in use today, while it is capable of causing significant negative health effects. Despite extensive research on that fact, it is still in use today.
Alcohol (Chemically: Ethyl-Alcohol) is an intoxicant currently legal in many countries, consumed largely for its physiological and psychological effects. The substance is often a part of social gatherings and even religious practices [EBAlcHis 2014].
Alcoholic beverages include beer, wine, and spirits (liquor) [EBAlcHis2014][CDCAlc 2014]. Beer usually has the lowest content of alcohol ranging in percentage from about two to eight percent. Wines have a slightly higher percentage of alcohol near eight to fourteen percent. Spirits which encompasses whiskey, rum, vodka, and other hard alcohols can typically range in percentage of Ethyl-Alcohol from 40% to 50% [EBAlcHis 2014].
In terms of percentage content of Ethyl-Alcohol, there are certain beverages that contain even higher percentages of Alcohol-by-Volume (ABV). Absinthe is banned as sale in the United States since 1913 but produced markedly different effects than singular Ethyl-Alcohol experiences. It is distilled from the Wormwood herb and has an average ABV of 72%. From the Wormwood herb it is said to produce hallucinogenic effects and is therefore both a potent alcoholic intoxicant as well as psychedelic. Even higher percentage alcohols exist. One of them is Devil Springs Vodka which came out with an 80% called, “Devil’s Springs Vodka”. The product with the highest selling percentage of alcohol is Everclear with a maximum ABV potency of 95%. Everclear is illegal in 13 of the United States at this potency however one can still sometimes purchase the 75.5% ABV version [HighAlc 2009].
-History of Alcohol Usage
According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the beginnings of alcohol are lost to prehistory. Alcoholic fermentation can occur in any mashed-sugar containing food such as berries or other fruits [EBAlcHis 2014]. Alcoholic beverages were likely discovered accidentally and ancient peoples who enjoyed its effects presumably commenced production. There are several preliterate groups that are known to have converted the starch to fermentable sugar. Alcohol is one of the oldest and most widely used drugs, with the brewing of wines and beers has been reported within hundreds of preliterate societies [EBAlcHis 2014]. Alcohol was ceremoniously used as a rite of passage events such as births, marriages, feasts, crownings, worship, war making, peace-making, and even funerals.
According to another source, while no one knows when the beverage of alcohol was first used, it was presumably the result of a fortuitous accident that occurred at least tens of thousands of years ago. The discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs has established the fact that intentionally fermented berverages existed at least as early as the Neolithic Period, around 10,000 BCE. It has even been suggested by some that beer may have preceeded bread as a stable in diet. Wine clearly appeared as a finished product in Egyptian pictographs around 4,000 BCE [PotsAlc 1995].
Water was a precious commodity probably used initially for worship rites. In some cultures milk, honey, or wine was substituted. The capacity of alcohol to help the shaman have a participant reach a frenzied state and its powers were originally attributable to supernatural spirits or beings. Red wine came to symbolize the blood of life, becoming useful as the Christian Eucharist [EBAlcHis 2014]. Despite religious use being known, there is much evidence, especially during the time of the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians that alcohol had passed to common practice and often became troublesome. Even in ancient times it seems there is evidence of the equivalent of alcoholics or those who consumed excess alcohol [EBAlcHis 2014].
Some of the earliest references in the bible show abundant wine not only as a blessing, but when abused also as a curse. In Islam, as of the seventh century CE the Qur’an simply condemned wine as an effective prohibition for all followers of Mohammed. Historical China includes reference to efforts made to reduce alcoholic dependency was only effective when religiously motivated. The Hindu Ayurvedic texts both describe beneficial uses of alcohol as well as the consequences of intoxication. Despite this, devout adherents to Buddhism, arising from India in the fifth or sixth century BCE, as well as members of the Hindu Brahman caste have abstained from usage until the present [EBAlcHis 2014]. Many pre-Colombian Indians of North America seemed to be seriously lacking in knowledge of fermentation. With the exploration of Europeans to North America, alcohol was transferred with disastrous and explosive consequences [EBAlcHis 2014].
In early societies alcohol had multiple uses. It was given nutritional value, it was used as medicine, and religious communion was initiated. Alcohol was used to ease anxieties and tensions. In short, overtime alcohol has been primarily used as a facilitator of mood change in any direction [EBAlcHis 2014].
-Legal Status
What I find really interesting is that the first line in the Alcohol “Legal Status” section of Erowid.org is that a statement reads, “Caution: All legal information should be verified through other sources” [EroAlc(3) 2015]. This gives me a heightened sense of approval saying that erowid.org is NOT the sole informant of the legal status of Alcohol and that cross-checking is necessary.
According to this page, in the United States of America, you must be at least 21 years of age to purchase alcohol. It is legal to brew beer and ferment wine for personal consumption without a license, however it is federally illegal to distill hard alcohol without a license. The BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration) of a driver must be less than .08% in most states, but some states impose a lower level in an attempt to reduce the amount of driving under the influence [EroAlc(3) 2015].
Underage consumption of alcohol is specifically illegal in 15 states, while 18 states have exceptions under which minors can legally drink alcohol [EroAlc(3) 2015]. For a worldwide list of minimum age limits of alcohol consumption, consult this link retrieved through EroAlc(3): http://icap.org/table/MinimumAgeLimitsWorldwide
In addition to the legal status of possessing alcohol, the legal status of operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol can be included. In most states, you are legally drunk at 0.08% BAC and this can get you a DUI (Driving Under the Influence) which carries severe penalties such as Driver’s License suspension, and in some cases jail time.
-Mechanism of Action – How does this Drug work in the body? [Physical (Physiological) and Mental (Psychological) effects]
As for the mechanism of action of this substance, when I think back to past lectures and readings, I know that GABA neurons are stimulated which gives alcohol its relaxing effect. However, upon further research on the topic, I find that several neurotransmitter systems work together to produce effects on the brain and body.
It is suggested in one article that alcohol consumption may affect multiple neurotransmitter systems to influence behavior. One neuron may connect with up to hundreds or thousands of adjacent neurons and each neuron may release multiple different types of neurotransmitters. Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease responsiveness of other neurons to further stimuli, whereas excitatory neurotransmitters produce the opposite effect. Some neurotransmitters produce longer lasting changes
The article goes on to show four graphics depicting the relation between inhibition and excitation in neurotransmission with respect to alcohol:
(A)
Under normal conditions, a balance exists between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain.
(B)
Short-term alcohol exposure tilts the balance toward inhibition by both enhancing the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as GABA, glycine, and adenosine while simultaneously decreasing the function of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate or aspartate. This depressant effect may be associated with some behaviors such as decreased attention, alterations in memory, and drowsiness. Alcohol’s main excitatory actions appear to be caused by suppression of inhibitory neurotransmitter systems by having a direct effect on GABA-A receptors. Sedative medications such as benzodiazepines (Valium) also act on GABA-A receptors . Glycine is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brain stem. Alcohol has been shown to increase the function of glycine receptors in laborer preparations [NeuroAlc 1997]. Alcohol may also increase action at the adenosine receptors, providing a sedating effect. Alcohol seems to inhibit both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor activity, potentially resulting in sedation [NeuroAlc 1997].
(C)
Research suggests that after long-term alcohol exposure, the brain attempts to restore equilibrium by compensating for the depressant effects of alcohol. When this happens the brain decreases inhibitory neurotransmission and enhances excitatory neurotransmission. While short-term alcohol consumption may increase GABA-A receptor functionality, prolonged drinking has the opposing effect. Similarly, glutamate receptors appear to adapt to the inhibitory effects of alcohol by increasing their excitatory activity. Further studies show that long-term exposure creates a compensatory decrease in adenosine activity [NeuroAlc 1997].
(D)
And in the unfortunate event of alcohol withdrawal, these compensatory changes are no longer opposed by the presence of alcohol and the balance shifts toward a state of excessive excitation. In this state of hyperexcitation it is characterized by seizures, delirium, and anxiety [NeuroAlc 1997].
-Testing your Drug
Just like in the Nicotine section, I believe this is self-explanatory. Alcohol is readily and legally available in nearly every country save for a few (see list in the “Legal Status” section of this page).
In America, the alcohol content is displayed on bottles/cans in most situations. When an alcohol content is specified by a “proof” it is twice the number of its percentage of alcohol. For instance, if a bottle of vodka is “80 proof”, it means that the percentage of alcohol by volume (ABV) is 40%. As stated above the highest Alcohol content available in some states is Everclear at 190 proof, or 95% pure ethyl-alcohol.
“Testing” or simply being aware of the alcohol content of your beverage of consumption is important because it can help you determine your level of intoxication as you consume alcohol. At places such as bars, clubs, or concerts where alcohol is sold in mixed drinks, the alcohol content is often unknown as several alcohols (spirits) may be mixed together with different ABV concentrations making it difficult for a person to determine their level of intoxication.
If alcohol is homemade the percentage of alcohol content is likely unknown without running some type of laboratory test. This page will not be detailing how to make your own alcohol however, as there are many places on the internet to find out this information. It is also not advised unless you are personally instructed on the matter by someone with wisdom in this particular chemistry.
-Method of Ingestion
The method of ingestion most often chosen for alcohol is oral consumption (drinking). I believe this is safe to assume. There are also other methods of alcohol ingestion which are used for various reasons depending on the place in the world or the situation in which a user wishes to intoxicate themselves. Please note, that often times these alternative methods of ingestion can be DANGEROUS. Use extreme caution if you will be embarking on an alternative route of consumption.
Before elaborating on alternative methods, first some news on a new method of oral alcohol ingestion might be worth elaborating on. The new design of alcohol to which I am referring is commonly referred to by its brand name as “Palcohol” or powdered alcohol. Perhaps you are wondering how alcohol can be powdered or how it is even legal? An article from The Wall Street Journal tells us a bit more about the new substance which could be sold in stores in the U.S. by summer of 2015.
The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau approved labels for a powdered alcohol called Palcohol, a booze powder that can be mixed with water like instant lemonade or instant tea [PowAlcWSJ 2015]. The FDA gave a scientific review of Palcohol and stated last summer (2014) that it did not have any concerns about the ingredients of the product and therefore did not have a legal basis to block it [PowAlcWSJ 2015].
Palcohol will come in several varieties: vodka, rum, Cosmopolitan, Lemon Drop, and Powderita. The company also wants to make an industrial formula for medicinal and manufacturing purposes. There are some concerns raised that the powder will make alcohol consumption easier for younger people and might lead The creator of the company Mark Phillips said he created the product since he hikes, backpacks, and likes “to have a drink when I get to my destination” [PowAlcWSJ 2015]. He also mentioned that he had no scientific training but hired scientists to help him develop the product. His credentials include a book about wine called “Swallow This: The Progressive Approach to Wine” and hosted a show on wine tasting [PowAlcWSJ 2015].
I find this topic interesting, and also the reason supplied for why Mark Phillips decided to commission scientists to develop alcohol for him does not make much sense to me. Is it true that he wanted this powdered beverage simply because he enjoys alcohol after a long walk? I believe further research is needed.
With this alternative to oral consumption, now we can look at other routes of administration. One route of administration that is sometimes used is rectal. That is, putting alcohol in one’s rectum so that it may better absorb into the blood stream for rapid and concentrated absorption. This method is also referred to as “Butt Chugging”, “Plugging Alcohol”, or more formally as an alcohol enema. This method is far less common, but more effective at delivering a large dosage of alcohol quickly than drinking.
Columbia Health’s, “Alice” is cited in this article: “Because the primary job of the intestines is to absorb nutrients into the body, if you put alcohol directly into your colon, it will be absorbed much more rapidly than it would be if it entered your body orally. It can make you very drunk, very quickly. Because everyone’s body is different, it’s hard to judge how much or how quickly an alcohol enema would affect any one person” [AlcEne 2012]. Alcohol enemas can be dangerous or even deadly because an individual can “use too much alcohol or keep it inside for too long” as once alcohol enters the blood stream, it cannot get back out [AlcEne 2012].
It seems the direct-to-blood stream method of ingestion is highly effective, but also highly dangerous. I have heard of some people doing this to avoid alcohol on their breath but in fact, some alcohol leaves the body through the lungs so it is still possible for a person to smell of alcohol while speaking even though they did not orally ingest any alcohol.
In line with direct blood stream absorption of alcohol, a new fad is taking place that is more public and perhaps more socially acceptable than alcohol that absorbs through the blood stream. There is a newer form of getting drunk, known as “smoking” alcohol [AlcSmo 2013]. In this instance, an individual may pour alcohol over dry ice and inhale it directly or use a straw. The alcohol of choice is poured into a bottle, the bottle is corked, and a pump is used to vaporize the alcohol and the user inhales the vapor. It is not only popular among college aged kids and adolescents, but also with those who want to get drunk without consuming the calories from alcohol. “When alcohol vapor is inhaled, it goes straight from the lungs to the brain and bloodstream, getting the individual drunk very quickly. Because the alcohol bypasses the stomach and liver, it is not metabolized, and the alcohol does not lose any of its potency” [AlcSmo 2013].
While this sounds more effective and beneficial, the cost does not come without risk. “Drinkers” feel the effects nearly instantly but risk a greater chance of alcohol poisoning and potential overdose. When people drink too much the body may induce vomiting causing a person to expel the excess alcohol to prevent poisoning, but with vaporized alcohol, the body cannot expel it as it goes directly into the blood stream. It is also bad for your lungs and nasal passages. However, despite the risks, there is a trend picking up in the bar scene with a method known as the Vaportiini which is legally sold in all 50 states. They boast no calories, no carbs, and no impurities while providing immediate alcohol intoxication [AlcSmo 2013].
On a personal note, as I have never tried vaporized alcohol I find this concept very interesting. While I enjoy quick effects of substances, I think letting the body filter out the poisons (alcohol is a poison to the body, especially in higher doses) by oral consumption is most beneficial, as the risks of alcohol poisoning greatly detract from the benefits of rapid absorption. Unfortunately it may take some injury for this lesson to be learned, but my hope is that alcohol consumption occurs in the most normal way possible.
-Central Effects of the Drug and Side Effects. What are the dosages?
I was fortunate enough to find a website that detailed relative effects at various dosages of alcoholic intoxication, but first an image of roughly how many drinks correspond to BAC (Blood Alcohol Concentration). This will give a relative idea of various dosages.
For the purpose of the chart, one drink is roughly one 12 ounce beer, one shot of 80 Proof liquor, or one 4-5 ounce glass of wine [AlcEffect 1999].
[AlcEffect 1999]
It can be observed that s the number of drinks increases, so does the BAC of the user. These numbers vary slightly by body fat percentage, amount of food consumed, or if other drugs or substances are used that alter metabolism of alcoholism.
With this idea in mind, a look at the specific effects of BAC at different levels is prudent.
0.02-0.03 BAC: There is no loss of coordination, slight euphoria, and a loss of shyness. Depressant effects are not apparent but some mild relaxation may be present with potential lightheadedness
0.04-0.06 BAC: Feelings of well-being, relaxation, lowered inhibitions and sensation of warmth. Euphoria is present. Minor impairment of memory and reasoning is this state. Behavior can be exaggerated and emotions intensified. Good emotions feel better and bad emotions may feel worse.
0.07-0.09 BAC: There is slight impairment of balance, speech, vision, hearing and reaction time. Euphoria is still present. Judgment and self-control are reduced while an impairment of reasoning and memory is happening. .08 is the legal limit and it is illegal to drive at this level. You may believe you function better than you actually are.
0.10-0.125: Significant impairment of motor coordination and judgment loss. At this level, speech is becoming slurred; balance, vision and hearing are still impaired while euphoria may still be present.
0.13-0.15 BAC: Gross motor skills are impaired and physical control is lacking. There is major loss of balance at this level. Euphoria is reducing, and dysphoria is surfacing. Dysphoria includes side effects of anxiety and restlessness. Judgment and perception are severely impaired.
0.16-0.19 BAC: Dysphoria predominates and nausea may be present. At this point a person might appear as a characteristically “sloppy drunk.”
0.20 BAC: A dazed feeling is apparent, along with disorientation or possible confusion. Assistance with standing or walking may be necessary. Feelings of pain may be mitigated (Analgesia). Some people might become nauseas or vomit at this level. Blackouts may happen so memory of the event might not be possible.
0.25 BAC: All mental, physical, and sensory functions are severely impaired. There is an increased risk of asphyxiation from choking on vomit and of seriously injuring oneself by falling or in an accident..
0.30 BAC: A drinker will be in a state of stupor. Passing out randomly may occur and it might be difficult to awaken the user. The user may have significant amnesia as well.
0.35 BAC: A coma is possible for the intolerant user at this level
0.40 BAC and higher: Coma is more likely and death due to respiratory arrest might happen.
All effects described are sourced from [AlcEffect (2) 1999].
-Recommended Uses and Doses (Varies by person)
As for what use of alcohol is recommended, it is highly varied. Personally, I might recommend alcohol at some social gatherings at a moderate amount of one to four drinks. This allows users to break down social barriers and communicate at a more relaxed level. By looking at the previous section, this puts the user in a state of mild euphoria, without producing too many negative effects of the substance.
I do believe there are better substances for intoxication at various group gatherings or social events, however since alcohol is the predominant legal intoxicant around the world, it is recommended in this instance.
What is NOT recommended is consuming an excess amount of alcohol (more than 5-6 drinks, depending on body weight and biological sex). Undesirable side effects are present here such as clumsiness and dysphoria. The body is reacting to a highly toxic level of poison and at this point the point of enjoyment is decreased as well as the ability to form coherent memories. It is also recommended to NOT drink and then operate a vehicle. Not only does it endanger the lives of others, but it also obvious on a person’s breath that they have recently consumed alcohol and will likely get a person a DUI if they are pulled over by an officer of the law.
-Addiction, Withdrawal, Tolerance
Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism is very possible. As stated in the opening section of this page, alcoholism has a long history of use dating back thousands of years, however there was not much knowledge on it at the time. Now, there are support groups, doctors, and many sources of information that speak on the topic and aim to help those struggling with alcoholism to cure themselves and live a healthier sober lifestyle.
One question some might be asking is how long does it take to become physically dependent (addicted) to alcohol? And how often must a person be drinking for this to be happening?
The answers to these questions are dependent upon the individual, but several forums were counseled and personal opinions were provided.
Drugs-forum.com, a forum for substance users and abusers to talk about problem states that it can take months or years of drinking heavily for a dependence to form. Some argument is made that after a few days to a week of heavy drinking some dependence can form in line with tolerance. One user describes the experience as feeling a level of dependence after only about a week of consumption.
[https://drugs-forum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=79726]
In extreme cases of alcoholism, where a person is addicted for an extended period of time (months to years). Delirium tremens can occur when you stop drinking alcohol after a period of heavy drinking, especially when you do not eat enough food [DelTrAlc 2013]. This is the most common in people with a history of alcohol withdrawal. It is most common in people who consume 4-5 pints of wine, 7-8 pints of beer, or one pint of “hard” alcohol [such as vodka or rum] every day for at least several months. Delirium tremens also commonly affects people who have had an alcohol habit or alcoholism for more than 10 years [DelTrAlc 2013].
Symptoms of Delirium Tremens most often occur about 2-4 days after the last drink, however symptoms may persist for up to 7-10 days after the last drink. Some symptoms include body tremors, agitation, irritability, decreased attention span, fear, hallucinations, restlessness, mood changes and confusion. Seizures may also occur as a result depending on how severe the Delirium Tremens were in an individual. On a related note, there are similar, but not as severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, headache, insomnia, nausea, and sweating [DelTrAlc 2013].
For treatment of severe withdrawal, when a patient is admitted into a hospital they may be given sedative benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan). Anticonvulsants may also be prescribed to tone down the agitation that comes with withdrawal. It is also recommended that someone once treated for severe alcohol withdrawal not consume alcohol again, as the withdrawal can come back harder than it initially was upon resuming consumption of alcohol after addiction [DelTrAlc 2013].
Before ending this section, a quick note on alcohol tolerance is noted to get a better idea of how increasing consumption can alter effects of alcohol with respect to time. Defined, tolerance refers to how much of a drug you need in order to feel the effects. Tolerance increases with increased usage of amount and frequency of the drug. Tolerance with drugs can be thought of with tolerance to exercise. In the beginning, it might be easy for a person to run half a mile in 5 minutes, but as for 5 miles, it may be near impossible. After a person begins training, more exercise can be “tolerated” and ability increased. As for alcohol, a person is often able to handle more alcohol than someone who does not drink at all. Tolerance also adds to addiction potential because people start to need more and more of a drug in order to feel the effects
***Add source
http://yourselfseries.com/teens/topic/addiction/the-cycle-of-addiction-tolerance-sensitization-and-withdrawal/
Sensitization is defined as
-Dangers of combining this Drug with other Drugs
Alcohol is a depressant drug and therefore depresses the central nervous system. Combinations with alcohol that may be dangerous include other depressant drugs such as benzodiazepines or opiates (opioids). Stimulant and psychedelic drugs may be more inhibited by the use of alcohol however most drugs when combined with alcohol can yield more dangerous effects.
Note, the site I used has some misinformation about drug combinations simply based on personal experience and other sources consulted, but it does provide a very general outline for alcohol's primary combinations.
ALCOHOL AND BENZODIAZEPINES
Benzodiazepines bind to similar GABA receptors in the brain similar to alcohol creating an relaxing effect. However, some side effects worth noting in this case of benzodiazepine usage, even when prescribed accurately by a doctor include reduced coordination, fatigue, drowsiness, confusion, slurred speech, and memory loss.
People who abuse these drugs might find that they develop a tolerance to their positive effects (relaxation, anxiolytic, sleepiness) and may find the desire to consume more of the drug to be prominent.
One article in the journal of “Alcohol Research & Health” states that “Alcohol and benzodiazepines have a synergistic depressant effect on the central nervous system. Perhaps more worrisome is the fact that memory impairment is far more likely when these substances are combined” [MixAlc xxxx (1)]. This article also notes that blacking out and saying things that may be later regretted are common among those who abuse these substances in conjunction with one another. [MixAlc xxxx (1)].
While the effects of mixing benzodiazepines and alcohol may induce short-term euphoria, the body cannot withstand a constant infusion with these chemicals without consequence [MixAlc xxxx (1)].
As for a personal opinion on the matter, I have combined these drugs a few times and in most cases, the combination has lead to highly undesirable effects. Sometimes when doing drugs I am looking for a relaxed or euphoric state. Sometimes I take drugs to think about things deeply, or to socialize with friends. I have taken Alprazolam (Xanax) in conjunction with alcohol and went to a social event only to result in a complete blackout shortly after arriving. This experience is recollected from memory of a time that occurred a while ago. I ingested approximately 1 to 2 milligrams of Alprazolam and then went to a bar and consumed several drinks. I found that I actually do not remember the period of time from before I had the first drink. That is to say I blacked out even before mixing alcohol and benzodiazepines together! I might have had about 5-6 drinks total, as my friends have reported, but it seemed that my memory was retroactively effected. Friends of mine also told me I was behaving strangely and rather ego-centric. I like to think I do not act like this very often but it was communicated to me that I did. I happened to say some things that my friends had said were “insulting” or downright “rude” and this quite upset me. I woke up the next day with a mild hangover, but nothing some hydration and good food didn’t fix. I did wake up with a “What the hell happened last night!?” feeling that was very unsettling. I quite dislike when drugs make me black out.
In another experience that I do remember, I dosed about 1 milligram of Clonazepam (Klonopin) and had about 2 glasses of wine. I felt extremely relaxed and a mildly euphoria ensued. The night was overall enjoyable, but still not very memorable. I did not black out, nor did I act like a fool, but my inhibitions were significantly lowered and I felt more open to conversations I wouldn’t normally have had while under the influence of these substances independently.
Yet another time, when I had been having Alprazolam for several days in a row and went out to a bar, I acted very much like a fool and I remember this. I had at least three drinks, but did not black out. I believe my tolerance to the memory inhibiting effects of Alprazolam had increased which caused me not to black out, however my actions were still rude and highly undesirable. I also had more of a desire to redoes on both substances to achieve a greater state of intoxication, seemingly without limitation.
Overall, I would NOT recommend this combination of drugs. While the euphoria and anxiolytic properties are present at VERY low doses of both chemicals, the dangers of combining these drugs is very real. I have heard many stories of people eating a couple 2mg bars (pills) of Alprazolam and getting very drunk at a bar or party and ending up in a hospital due to severe nervous system and respiratory depression. Some have ended up in a coma or with brain damage. Also, the desire to achieve greater intoxication definitely increases when under the influence of these substances as there is a STRONG cross-potentiation. Both chemicals strongly affect the GABA-A receptors in the brain which relax the body and mind and increase bad judgment
ALCOHOL AND COCAINE
Cocaine is a stimulating drug that has biologically addictive properties. Some substance users mix the two substances to counteract the unpleasant side effects of either one. For instance, alcohol can make you feel sleepy so using cocaine to stimulate you has a positively reinforcing effect for the user, whereas sometimes too much cocaine can cause an overstimulated or anxious effect so drinking alcohol can calm this down [MixAlc xxxx (2)].
Some people believe mixing these drugs prolongs the high achieved. The two substances combine to form a new substance called cocaethylene This chemical can cause heart or liver damage when it builds up for a long period of time. Caution should be used as cocaine causes the heart to beat faster and alcohol could have the opposite effect. In acute situations this type of combination can lead to cardiac arrest.
[MixAlc xxxx (2)].
When I asked a close friend of mine about this combination as he has experienced this combination many times, I got the answer that the combination is “Fucking amazing”. Quoted, he says “The cocaine would take away from any ‘too-drunk’ feelings so me and my friends would feel as though they sobered up but it feels different than coke on its own. It kind of enhances the cocaine feeling and takes away from the drunk and it only works well when done together”.
I then asked him if he likes cocaine on its own and he said, “I really do not enjoy it as much as when I am drunk. I recommend the combination to get high and have a good time. It’s a lot of fun.”
Personally, out of the few times I have combined these drugs, the cocaine was either of very poor quality or I did not drink very much so I feel that I cannot give adequate input on this topic personally. I have enjoyed both substances alone and prefer them to be as such from the minimal experience I have.
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EroAlc 2015
Alcohol
(1) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/
(2) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/alcohol_testing.shtml
(3) https://www.erowid.org/chemicals/alcohol/alcohol_law.shtml
Author: Erowid.org, Date Updated: 2015
DEApar 2012
Growing Up Drug Free – A Parent’s guide to prevention
http://www.dea.gov/pr/multimedia-library/publications/growing-up-drug-free.pdf
Author: U.S. Department of Justice, DEA, and U.S. Department of Education Date Published: October 2012
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Alcohol Consumption
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13398/alcohol-consumption
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HighAlc 2009
5 Of The Most Alcoholic Beverages To Scorch Your Throat.
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CDCAlc 2014
Alcohol and Public Health – Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
Author: CDC, Date Updated: 7 November, 2014
PotsAlc 1995
History of Alcohol and Drinking around the World
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Powdered Alcohol Wins U.S. Approval
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Butt Chugging Leads To Severe Alcohol Poisoning of University of Tennessee Student
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Author: Huffington Post, Date Updated: 25 September, 2012
AlcSmo 2013
Smoking Alcohol: The Dangerous Way People Are Getting Drunk
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NeuroAlc 1997
Alcohol and Neurotrnamsitter Interactions
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-2/144.pdf
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Author: B.R.A.D., Date Copyright: 1999-2015
Delirium Tremens
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000766.htm
Author: A.D.A.M, Date updated: 1 January 2013
(1) What are the Effects of Mixing Benzodiazepines and Alcohol?
(2) What are the Effects of Mixing Cocaine and Alcohol?
…etc
(1) http://www.alcoholic.org/research/what-are-the-effects-of-mixing-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol/
(2) http://www.alcoholic.org/research/what-are-the-effects-of-mixing-cocaine-and-alcohol/
Author: IAHC: Independent Alcoholism Help Council
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